Malignancies in Children: A Comprehensive Review for Pediatricians

Childhood malignancies, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), lymphomas, and other solid tumors, constitute a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early recognition, timely diagnosis, and multidisciplinary management are crucial for improving outcomes. This comprehensive review integrates epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic strategies, recent advances, treatment modalities, and supportive care considerations pertinent to pediatric malignancies. Special focus is given to ALL and lymphomas as the most common pediatric cancers, with additional discussion on other malignancies. The article is designed to guide pediatricians in early detection, evidence-based evaluation, and coordinated care to optimize patient outcomes, especially in high-burden clinical settings.