This analysis finds minimal focal spot size with binary phase masks in laser beams, suggesting improved optical configurations.
The paper is dedicated to the study of tight focusing of laser beams with radial polarization and finding the optimal configuration of a binary phase mask to obtain the minimum size of the focal spot according to the full-width at half-maximum of intensity in the focus of an aplanatic lens. The simulation was implemented by the Richards-Wolf formulas for radially polarized light. Optimization of the binary phase mask was implemented by genetic algorithm.
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Kalashnikov et al. (2025) studied this question.
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