Board Diversity as a Driver of Governance Functionality in Catholic Institutions: Evidence from Uganda's Education and Health Sectors

This study examines how board diversity functions as a critical driver of governance functionality in Catholic education and health institutions in Uganda, addressing significant gaps in understanding diversity's role in mission-driven organisations operating in developing contexts. A qualitative phenomenological study involving 135 participants across multiple stakeholder groups was conducted in Catholic institutions within two ecclesiastical provinces in Uganda. Data collection employed semi-structured individual interviews with senior governance figures and focus group discussions with board members, managers, and staff. The research reveals a fundamental diversity paradox: while professional expertise serves as a strategic governance asset, enhancing institutional capacity, educational disparities, relational appointments, and gender imbalances create significant barriers to effective oversight. Professional diversity demonstrates clear benefits when boards include complementary expertise; however, educational gaps among members undermine participation and create information asymmetries. Political appointments consistently show engagement deficits, while relational appointments compromise independence and accountability. Gender representation remains severely limited, with women comprising the minority of board members. The findings establish foundations for "contextual diversity theory," recognising that diversity benefits depend on cultural, structural, and capacity conditions rather than composition alone. The research provides actionable guidance for Catholic institutional leaders on optimising board composition through structured appointment processes, capacity development programs addressing educational disparities, and cultural transformation initiatives that balance representation with functionality while maintaining religious identity and community accountability.