Comprehensive characterization of natural bentonite clay: Implications for enhanced performance in ceramics manufacturing

Potential industrial applications of bentonite from a regional deposit were investigated. The material was investigated beyond state-of-the-art to optimize its quality for use in ceramic sector. Representative bentonite samples (B1, B2, B3) were analyzed. The grain size was determined by wet sieving and laser diffraction analysis. Clay fractions were analyzed using XRD. Chemical composition was assessed by AAS technique. Structural features, inclusions, and microcracks were monitored by scanning electron microscopy. Physicochemical parameters included swelling index, total cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations type, refractoriness, water adsorption capacity, and plasticity index. The types of chemical bonds were determined by FTIR. DSC/TGA was employed in the thermal behavior analysis. The investigation revealed that samples are non-swelling Ca-type bentonites. XRD analysis indicated presence of major mineral montmorillonite, accompanied by cristobalite, feldspar, and calcite. The examined bentonites display high plasticity, adequate swelling/water absorption, viscosity, and thixotropy, making them well-suited for ceramic industry applications.