Advances in Electrode Materials for Bio-electrochemical Systems:A Comprehensive Review

This article reviews the latest research progress on electrode materials in bio-electrochemical systems (BES), with a focus on the performance, advantages, disadvantages, and optimization strategies of anode and cathode materials in microbial fuel cells (MFC) and microbial electrolysis cells (MEC). As the core component of BES, electrode materials directly affect the system's energy conversion efficiency, operational stability, and cost-effectiveness. Currently, commonly used electrode materials include carbon-based materials (such as carbon cloth and graphene), metal materials (such as stainless steel and titanium), and composite materials (such as carbon nanotube-modified materials and metal oxide-coated electrodes). Although these materials have made some progress in terms of conductivity, specific surface area, and biocompatibility, they still face challenges such as limited catalytic activity, high costs, and susceptibility to corrosion. Additionally, this article summarizes optimization strategies for different electrode materials, such as surface modification techniques and nanostructure design, to enhance the catalytic activity, conductivity, and biocompatibility of electrodes. Future research directions include the development of biomimetic catalytic electrodes, intelligent materials, and the realization of large-scale production of electrode materials, thereby advancing bio-electrochemical systems from laboratory to industrial applications. By summarizing existing research achievements and proposing future research directions, this article aims to provide a reference for further innovation and application of BES electrode materials.