Redefining the concept of interoperability: A multidimensional approach for the energy sector

<ns3:p>Background Interoperability is a foundational concept in the development of modern energy systems, yet its traditional definitions, centered on technical compatibility and information exchange, fail to capture the complexity of the energy transition. As energy infrastructure becomes increasingly decentralized, digitalized, and governed by diverse actors, a broader understanding of interoperability is required. Methods This study draws on insights from the European Horizon Europe project int:net, and conducts a comprehensive analysis of 40 definitions of interoperability across sectors, languages, and periods. The definitions were evaluated using both lexical and temporal approaches and mapped against the Smart Grid Architecture Model, which was extended with a sixth “Framework Layer” to incorporate governance and institutional dimensions. Results The findings reveal that existing definitions predominantly emphasize technical aspects, with limited attention paid to organizational, social, and regulatory factors. The analysis demonstrates a semantic shift in the term ‘interoperability’ over time and highlights the need for a multidimensional approach. A revised definition is proposed, framing interoperability as an emergent property of systems shaped by shared standards, collaboration, and contextual alignment across technical and nontechnical domains. Conclusions This study presents a holistic redefinition of interoperability tailored to the energy transition, supported by an extended Smart Grid Architecture Model framework. It offers practical recommendations for implementation, including stakeholder engagement, flexible standardization, and interdisciplinary capacity-building. This approach aims to support the development of resilient, inclusive, future-ready energy systems.</ns3:p>