Diabetes murine models for advancing oral insulin delivery: a narrative review

Despite the discovery of insulin over a century ago, effective oral administration remains a major research focus due to its potential for a non-invasive delivery. This review explores the pivotal role of murine diabetes models in advancing effective oral insulin formulations. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to identify experimental studies published in the last five years. The findings reveal significant progress in improving oral insulin bioavailability and glucose control using innovative techniques such as nanoparticles, microparticles, hydrogels, and smart delivery systems. These techniques were tested in experimental animal models, predominantly Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. However, translating these advances into clinical practice in humans remains a challenge. Optimizing experimental models and developing sophisticated delivery technologies are crucial for achieving personalized and effective oral insulin therapies.