Marriage is a fundamental institution of human society, universally regarded as a cornerstone of social structure and cultural continuity. In Hindu tradition, marriage transcends a mere contractual arrangement, embodying a spiritual and holy relationship. It is conventionally seen as a sacrament (sanskara), representing the amalgamation of two individuals into a unified existence of shared responsibilities, principles, and commitments. Grounded in the principles of dharma (good conduct), Hindu marriage transcends a simply familial or personal event; it constitutes a vital aspect of one's religious and societal obligations, ultimately serving as a conduit to spiritual liberation (moksha). The laws governing Hindu marriage were traditionally formulated by ancient jurists, profoundly anchored in religious texts and customs. Since that time, these laws have undergone significant transformations due to legislative measures and shifts in society norms. These alterations signify the transition from a purely religious sacrament, consecrated by Vedic rituals, to a dual-faceted institution that functions as both a religious obligation and a legally enforceable contract in modern Hindu jurisprudence.
KR Gupta (2025) studied this question.