Survey of indigenous knowledge and therapeutic uses of Python sebae fat in Togo

Traditional medicine plays a central role in Togo’s healthcare system, where Python sebae fat is widely used for its therapeutic properties. This study aimed to systematically document indigenous knowledge, harvesting practices, identification criteria, and uses of this fat in both rural and urban settings in Togo. A descriptive cross sectional survey was conducted from June to September 2024 among 120 stakeholders (practitioners, vendors, and users), of whom 97 completed questionnaires were analyzed. Sociodemographic data, identification criteria (appearance, color, odor), sources of advice, methods of collection and preliminary processing, indications for use, and perceived constraints were collected through semi structured interviews and analyzed using KoboToolbox, Excel 2016, and GraphPad Prism 9. Respondents were predominantly male (73.2 %) with a mean age of 48.5 ± 17.9 years and mainly from the Kara region (75.3 %). The majority relied on a combination of visual appearance, color, and odor to recognize the fat (25.8 %). Advice was primarily transmitted within families (74.2 %), and procurement occurred mainly at markets (33.0 %) or directly from practitioners (29.9 %). Nearly 80 % of users applied the crude fat without treatment, while 20 % employed preliminary sun drying. Therapeutically, over 96 % used it as a remedy, 59.8 % specifically for its anti inflammatory effects, reporting a satisfaction rate of 91.8 % with no adverse events. Major constraints included odor and seasonal availability. Python sebae fat is a valued traditional resource for its anti inflammatory and wound healing properties. However, artisanal use without standardized procedures leads to quality variability and raises sustainability and safety concerns. We recommend standardizing extraction methods, developing modern formulations (creams, ointments), and conducting pharmacokinetic studies to optimize its use while preserving Togo’s ethnopharmacological heritage.