A Statistical Equilibrium Approach to Adam Smith’s Labor Theory of Value

Adam Smith’s inquiry into the emergence and stability of the self-organization of the division of labor in commodity production and exchange is considered using statistical equilibrium methods from statistical physics. We develop a statistical equilibrium model of the distribution of independent producers in simple commodity production using a hub-and-spoke framework that predicts both the center of gravity of producers across lines of production and the endogenous fluctuations between lines of production that arise from Smith’s concept of “perfect liberty.” The ergodic distribution of producers implies a long-run balancing of “advantages and disadvantages” across lines of employment and gravitation of market prices around Smith’s natural prices.