Genetic Variants, Prevention, and Gene Therapies: An Analysis of Genetic Predisposition to Dementia

This review aimed to understand how genetic factors play a role in a predisposition to dementia, which is a range of diseases that cause cognitive decline. Dementia rates are increasing globally due to a prolonged lifespan and it is becoming a more critical subject in the medical world. Through a secondary literature review, the focus of this article is to understand the various aspects of genetic risk in dementia. Other prominent causes for dementia such as cardiovascular disease, depression, and lifestyle choices are also outlined in the review. Genes such as chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, TREM2, and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele are associated with an increased risk of dementia. The genetic factors for Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease are analyzed as well. Genetic testing and counseling can identify the source of a person’s genetic predisposition. Studies are being conducted to elucidate the exact mechanisms of gene variants and to test new gene therapies, which are important for treating dementia. Lifestyle modifications and other actions may also be imperative in dementia prevention.