Immunotherapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and adolescents: the beginning of a new era

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a malignant blood cancer primarily affecting children and adolescents. Traditionally, acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment has relied on chemotherapy, but recent advances in immunotherapy have shown substantial potential for improving outcomes and reducing toxicity. This article explores the evolution of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment, with a particular focus on immunotherapeutic approaches such as bispecific antibodies (blinatumomab), antibody-drug conjugates (inotuzumab ozogamicin), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. These immunologic constructs have demonstrated promising results in improving survival rates and minimal residual disease negativity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. The mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and limitations of these immunotherapies are discussed emphasizing their role in shaping a new era in acute lymphoblastic leukemia management.