Pulmonary vein stenosis in preterm and newborn infants

The article provides a detailed examination of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying pulmonary vein stenosis in premature infants, including the influence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Special attention is given to the prevalence of the disease in this patient group and the analysis of risk factors such as prematurity, low birth weight, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and oxygen therapy, as well as their impact on clinical outcomes. The key morphological changes are described, including vascular wall remodeling, alveolar simplification, and inflammatory processes, all of which underlie the development of pulmonary vein stenosis. The importance of early disease detection is emphasized, as delayed diagnosis can lead to progressive deterioration in the patient's condition, including right ventricular failure and a significantly increased risk of mortality. The article also discusses modern diagnostic methods, highlighting the primary role of transthoracic echocardiography as the method of choice, along with its advantages and limitations. For complex cases, the use of additional methods, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or cardiac catheterization, is recommended to clarify the severity of stenosis and assess the condition of the pulmonary veins.