Wind Environment Adaptability and Parametric Simulation of Tujia Sanheyuan Courtyard Dwellings in Southeastern Chongqing, China

In the context of the energy crisis and the urgency of passive design in contemporary architecture, this study focuses on the Tujia-style Sanheyuan in southeastern Chongqing, China, which is highly adaptable to local climatic conditions. Using field surveys, architectural mapping, computational fluid dynamics numerical simulations, and multi-parameter comparative analysis, this study systematically explores the relationship between the geometric form of the Sanheyuan and its courtyard ventilation performance. Based on the Tujia construction scale modulus, this study summarizes the basic prototype of the Sanheyuan, analyzes the selection paths of its three sets of construction parameters, and constructs 48 typical courtyard models for wind environment simulation. By introducing five evaluation indicators—wind speed uniformity coefficient, proportion of strong wind zone area, proportion of calm wind zone area, and unit area wind rate—this study comprehensively assesses the impact of Sanheyuan design parameters on courtyard wind environment adaptability. This study concludes that specific spatial design parameters of the Tujia-style Sanheyuan significantly influence wind environment adaptability, offering quantitative guidance for climate-responsive and culturally informed architectural design. This study found that the optimal side room width-to-depth ratio is [1.00, 0.86, 0.83]; the optimal ridge height-to-stilt height ratio is [4.29, 8.00, 2.96]; and the optimal building footprint-to-side room area ratio is [3.01, 5.06, 4.75].