Advancements in portable technology for edible vegetable oil authenticity: from species to geographical origin identification

Edible vegetable oils are rich in nutrients and essential ingredients for daily cooking. However, fraud, expired products, deceptive labeling, and false origin claims in the vegetable oil industry pose significant risks to consumers' health, safety, and economic well-being. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop portable techniques to realize the authenticity of edible vegetable oils. This review presents recent advancements and applications of portable technologies for ensuring the authenticity of edible vegetable oils, including portable spectroscopy, portable sensors, portable sensory arrays, and smartphone analyzers. After briefly introducing this mechanism, this review discusses the application of these portable technologies to vegetable oil authenticity. Finally, future research directions, potential challenges, and practical steps are outlined to address concerns related to the authenticity and traceability of vegetable oils. This review highlights recent advancements in portable technologies for rapid and on-site authentication of edible vegetable oils. Key technologies achieve detection accuracies exceeding 90%, addressing adulteration and origin mislabeling issues, with potential applications for industry and consumer-level quality control.