Thrombus formation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD): the role of risk factors, markers, diagnostic methods and directions for future research

This article analyzes the pathogenetic mechanisms of thrombus formation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The main processes leading to the activation of the coagulation cascade are discussed, including chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and immunomodulatory reactions that contribute to the development of thrombosis. The study pays special attention to risk factors such as genetic predisposition, comorbidities, and features of the pathogenesis of IBD. It also considers the effect of drugs used to treat IBD, including glucocorticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biological drugs. It evaluates how drug therapy can change thrombus risk profiles and worsen the patient’s prognosis. In addition, the article analyzes modern diagnostic markers, including not only D-dimer, but also microvesicles, microRNA, and many other coagulation indicators. Existing risk assessment scales are presented that facilitate diagnosis and timely adoption of preventive measures. Attention is also drawn to anticoagulant therapy in patients with IBD as an important area for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic complications. In conclusion, a number of possible directions for future research are proposed aimed at identifying new biomarkers, creating more accurate risk scales, and optimizing treatment strategies for IBD in order to reduce the likelihood of thrombotic complications and improve the quality of life of patients.