Comparative Efficacy and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Neurological and Nephrological Outcomes of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

Introduction Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with significant neurological and nephrological complications, leading to high morbidity and mortality. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), such as liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide, have been shown to effectively control glycemia, with additional neuroprotective and nephroprotective effects. This systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to evaluate the impact of GLP-1 RAs on neurological and nephrological outcomes in T2D patients. Methods A literature search was conducted across PubMed, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2010 and 2023. Studies were included if they evaluated the effects of GLP-1 RAs on neurological and nephrological outcomes in T2D patients. A total of 17 studies, involving 96,460 patients (60,190 males, 36,199 females, average age 62.99± 7 years), were selected. Network meta-analysis was performed to compare the efficacy and safety of different GLP-1 RAs on outcomes such as neuropathy, cognitive function, albuminuria, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Results Among the 17 studies, GLP-1 RAs showed significant improvements in neurological and nephrological outcomes. Neurological benefits included a 24% improvement in cognitive function and a 31% reduction in neuropathic pain. Nephrological benefits included a 27% reduction in albuminuria and a 19% improvement in GFR. Tirzepatide demonstrated the most significant renal improvement, with a mean difference in GFR of 2.50 (95% CI: 0.36, 4.64). Subgroup analyses showed consistent efficacy across age, gender, and ethnicity, with no significant differences in treatment effects. Adverse events were generally mild, with gastrointestinal issues (nausea, vomiting) occurring in 11% of patients, but discontinuation rates were low (5%). Conclusion GLP-1 RAs significantly improve both neurological and nephrological outcomes in T2D patients. While variability in effects exists, these agents offer substantial benefits in managing T2D complications, with a favorable safety profile.