Methods for Quantitative Analysis of the Structure of Materials. Overview

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare quantitative methods for analyzing the structure of materials, with including cases such as non-grain phases. Design / Method / Approach. The work examines six primary approaches for analyzing the structure of materials: equivalent diameter analysis, linear intercept method, random intercept method, fractal analysis, planimetry, and point count techniques. These methods are tested on microstructures with various phases including carbides. Method-specific advantages, implementation difficulties, and statistical robustness are addressed. Findings. Each method provides specific benefits. Equivalent diameter simplifies irregular inclusions, intercept methods ensure statistical validity, and fractal analysis reveals geometric complexity. Planimetry and point count techniques deliver quantitative metrics for grain size and phase composition. Their combined use allows comprehensive evaluation of structural complexity, especially in materials with heterogeneous phase distributions, and is critical for advanced quality control or microstructural design. Theoretical Implications. The study contributes to the understanding of statistical and geometrical techniques applicable to microstructural analysis beyond standard grain characterization. Practical Implications. The results can be used to select a method for analyzing structural materials, in particular those containing carbide inclusions and other uneven phases. Originality / Value. The article offers a structured comparison of practical quantitative methods applicable to advanced material characterization tasks. Research Limitations / Future Research. The analysis was limited to 2D cross-sections. Future work should include 3D reconstruction and investigation into automation instruments for choosing the most optimal analyse method.