Cognitive disorders are a common neurological symptom affecting gnosis, thinking, memory, speech, and praxis. They are divided into functional (stress, overwork) and organic (traumatic brain injury, encephalopathies, vascular pathologies). Risk factors include age over 50, heredity, diabetes, and hypertension. In cases of traumatic brain injury, cognitive deficits arise from mechanical brain damage, edema, impaired blood flow, and glutamate excitotoxicity, leading to neuronal death. Post-concussion syndrome lasts up to 9 months and is associated with microstructural changes in the frontal and temporal lobes. Vascular disorders (stroke, discirculatory encephalopathy) are the primary cause of cognitive decline. The pathogenesis includes ischemia, the glutamate cascade, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Treatment requires neuroprotectors, nootropics, and correction of risk factors. Neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NGF) play a key role in neuroregeneration, but their imbalance exacerbates neurodegeneration.
Zavitkevich et al. (Sat,) studied this question.