Morphological change within and around a rectangular array of emergent vegetation is linked to flow structure

This study connected flow structure and morphological changes in and around a rectangular vegetation patch. The emergent patch was constructed in an 8 cm sand bed. Two patch densities were tested, using a regular configuration of rigid dowels. Near the leading edge of the patch, enhanced turbulence levels produced sediment erosion. Some of the eroded sediment was carried into the patch, forming an interior deposition dune. The denser patch resulted in a smaller dune due to stronger lateral flow diversion and weaker interior streamwise velocity. After the leading-edge dune, in the fully developed region of the patch, vortices formed in the shear layers along the patch lateral edges. Elevated turbulence at the patch edge produced local erosion. For the dense patch, material eroded from the edge was transported into the patch to form a flow-parallel ridge, and there was no net sediment loss/gain by the patch. For the sparse patch, material eroded from the edge was transported away from the patch, resulting in a net loss of sediment from the patch. In the wake of both patches, deposition occurred near the wake edges and not at the wake centreline, which was attributed to the weak lateral transport associated with the weakness of the von Kármán vortex street. Specifically, the lateral transport length scale was less than half the width of the patch. The increasing bedform height within the wake progressively weakened and narrowed the von Kármán vortex street, illustrating an important feedback from morphological evolution to the flow structure. Despite significant local sediment redistribution, the patch did not induce channel-scale sediment transport.