The intersection of social identity, normative influence, and political efficacy: A literature review of Cambodian youth in national elections

This conceptual review examines how social identity and normative influence intersect with political efficacy to shape Cambodian youth’s engagement in national elections. Drawing from social psychology and political science, the paper explores how group affiliations, such as ethnic, political, and generational identities, interact with normative pressures from families, peers, and communities to influence both internal efficacy, confidence in understanding politics, and external efficacy, belief in institutional responsiveness. The findings indicate that youth embedded in politically active networks or aligned with activist movements exhibit stronger political efficacy and greater engagement, while those in disengaged environments often show apathy and reduced participation. These insights carry critical implications for Cambodia’s democratic trajectory. Fostering youth political participation requires more than information, it demands the cultivation of collective democratic identities and supportive social norms. Civic education must engage families and local communities, while youth organizations should leverage peer influence and digital platforms to foster inclusive, participatory spaces. Future research should include longitudinal studies to examine how political efficacy evolves over time, comparative analyses across Southeast Asia, and focused inquiries into rural–urban disparities and the role of online political communities. Ultimately, this review offers a framework for understanding and enhancing youth political engagement in Cambodia, contributing to broader efforts to sustain democratic development in post-authoritarian societies.