Community Participation and the Viability of Decentralized Renewable Energy Systems: Evidence from a Hybrid Mini-Grid in Rural South Africa

Abstract This study investigates the extent of community participation in the implementation of the Upper Blinkwater hybrid mini-grid project in rural South Africa and examines how this participation contributed to the project’s successful implementation and long-term viability. As decentralized renewable energy systems (DRES) gain prominence in addressing rural energy poverty, evidence shows that their success is closely tied to the quality of local engagement. Using a qualitative case study approach, data from 44 stakeholder interviews were analyzed across four domains of participation: governance, technical engagement, economic inclusion, and social inclusion. The findings revealed varying levels of participation, high in technical and social domains, and moderate in governance and economic inclusion. Community members played active roles in system maintenance, behavioural adaptation, and voluntary infrastructure protection, reinforcing trust and system resilience. However, decision-making influence and formal economic opportunities, particularly for women, remained limited. The study concludes that meaningful participation across multiple domains not only enhances procedural legitimacy but also strengthens local ownership, system functionality, social acceptance and long-term viability. The findings provide practical guide for policymakers and practitioners on how to design inclusive, and socially grounded rural energy solutions that support both energy access and long-term sustainability.