The Impact of Optimizing Heads-Up Display Auditory Alarm Parameters on Driving Behavior

This study investigates the impact of optimizing auditory alarm parameters within a head-up display (HUD) on driver behavior through a series of driving experiments. The results indicate that auditory alarms significantly enhance task accuracy while concurrently extending reaction times. Notably, a 1.5 s alarm duration achieves an optimal balance between cognitive load and accuracy, and a trigger distance of 100 m yields the highest accuracy. Based on these findings, a combination of a 1.5 s alarm and a 100 m trigger distance is recommended to optimize both safety and efficiency, thereby providing empirical support for HUD design.