Feasibility Study on the Use of Wireless Optogenetic Regulation of PD-L1 Expression to Remodel the Immune Microenvironment of Glioblastoma

This study is based on wireless optogenetic technology, utilizing the CRY2/CIB1 photosensitive system to achieve spatiotemporal control of PD-L1 expression. In vitro experiments showed that the surface PD-L1 positivity rate of cells increased from 28.6±3.1% to 67.3±5.4% (P<0.001). In animal experiments, the terminal tumor volume in the light exposure group was 450±90 mm3, with a tumor inhibition rate of approximately 49.4% (P<0.001), and the median survival was extended to 32 days (compared to 24 days in the control group, P=0.004). Immunological tests revealed a significant increase in CD8+ T cell infiltration (112±18 vs 52±10 cells/HPF, P<0.01), a 30% decrease in the proportion of Tregs (P<0.05), and an increase in the M1/M2 macrophage ratio to 1.8. The results suggest that the wireless optogenetic system can not only precisely regulate PD-L1 but also remodel the tumor immune microenvironment, providing a new approach for precise immunotherapy of GBM.