A Comprehensive Review of the Pathophysiology and Management of Amniotic Fluid Embolism

Objective: Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare obstetric complication associated with high maternal morbidity and mortality. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key pathophysiological mechanisms, current therapeutic strategies, and emerging interventions for AFE, with the goal of reducing maternal mortality and improving clinical outcomes. Mechanism: AFE results from the entry of amniotic fluid components into the maternal circulation, triggering a cascade of complex and poorly understood pathophysiological events. These include immune system activation, cardiopulmonary dysfunction, and coagulopathy. Findings in Brief: The incidence of AFE ranges from approximately 1.9 to 6.1 cases per 100,000 births. Due to the lack of definitive diagnostic criteria and incomplete understanding of its underlying mechanisms, AFE remains challenging to diagnose and manage. Current treatment strategies primarily focus on supportive care. Conclusions: AFE poses significant challenges in both diagnosis and management. This article underscores the limitations of current research and the obstacles encountered in clinical practice. Improving our understanding of AFE holds the potential to enhance treatment strategies and patient outcomes.