A nationwide survey on 3D printer utilization among occupational therapists in Japan

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has potential applications in occupational therapy, particularly for fabricating custom-made assistive devices and rehabilitation tools. However, the extent of its use among occupational therapists in Japan and the factors influencing adoption remain unclear. This study investigated the utilization of 3D printers in occupational therapy in Japan and the barriers to their implementation. Occupational therapists from 13,668 facilities listed in the Japan Association of Occupational Therapists membership directory were invited to participate, as this study aimed to investigate the use of 3D printers in clinical rehabilitation settings-particularly for the fabrication of assistive devices and self-help aids, which are commonly addressed in clinical practice. Educational institutions (e.g., universities, vocational schools) were excluded, as therapists in these settings are primarily engaged in education or research rather than clinical work. A nationwide online survey was conducted, requiring respondents to confirm their consent and certification as occupational therapists before proceeding. The questionnaire included multiple-choice and Likert-scale items covering personal experience, knowledge, and perceptions related to 3D printers. Some questions allowed optional free-text responses for elaboration. A total of 3,469 therapists completed the questionnaire. Only 4.4% of respondents had experience using 3D printers, primarily for stroke rehabilitation. Decision tree analysis identified 3D printer ownership or availability as the most significant factor influencing use (p < 0.01), while personal characteristics had no significant impact (p > 0.05). The primary barriers were the lack of workplace access to 3D printers and insufficient knowledge of their operation. The study highlights the limited adoption of 3D printing in occupational therapy and the need for greater accessibility and training. Addressing these barriers could promote wider integration of 3D printing technology into rehabilitation practices.