Study shows how ENSO's effects on East Asian summer monsoon vary with Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Victoria mode.
Key Points
The strongest El Niño-EASM relationship occurs during positive PDO and negative VM, indicating significant atmospheric interactions.
During this phase, tropical Western North Pacific cooling strengthens the WNP anticyclone, enhancing summer monsoon stability.
In contrast, during negative PDO and positive VM phases, the El Niño-EASM relationship weakens, emphasizing the variability of ocean-atmosphere dynamics.
La Niña's impact on the EASM remains largely insignificant across all PDO-VM combinations, highlighting the dominance of El Niño effects.