Review of Current Applications of CRISPR Gene Editing Techniques in Breast Cancer Therapeutics Development

CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology has revolutionized biomedical research by enabling precise, efficient, and cost-effective genome manipulation. This paper focuses on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in cancer research, with an emphasis on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a particularly aggressive and treatment-resistant subtype of breast cancer that lacks expression of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide, and TNBC represents one of its most challenging forms due to the absence of effective targeted therapies. While hormone receptor-positive and HER2-positive subtypes benefit from endocrine and targeted treatments, TNBC patients are often limited to chemotherapy, which is associated with high toxicity and limited efficacy. This review synthesizes recent CRISPR-based studies that identify oncogenes and tumor suppressors relevant to TNBC, explores advanced delivery systems such as non-viral nanoparticles, and evaluates the therapeutic promise of this technology. Despite current limitations—including off-target effects, delivery challenges, and ethical concerns—CRISPR/Cas9 offers a promising path toward developing personalized, gene-targeted treatments for TNBC and other hard-to-treat cancers.