The Sovereign Knowledge Nexus: Industry-Education Integration and the Rise of a “Mode 3” Knowledge Production System in China

This paper examines China's effort to construct an Independent Knowledge System (IKS) as part of its broader modernization strategy. Existing models such as the Triple Helix and Mode 2 knowledge production fall short of explaining the state-architected, sovereignty-driven logic of China's approach. Using Industry-Education Integration (IEI) as a case study, the paper introduces the Sovereign Knowledge Nexus (SKN) model and proposes the concept of Mode 3 knowledge production. Mode 3 is characterized by state orchestration, strategic validation, systemic fusion, and a dual circulation of knowledge, with the ultimate goal of achieving technological and theoretical sovereignty. This framework provides new insights into China's innovation model and its implications for global knowledge governance.