Estimating the Impact of Gas Flaring Sites on the Air Quality and Environment Sustainability in Kirkuk City Using GIS Techniques

Gas flaring poses a significant environmental challenge, impacting air quality and exacerbating global warming. This research evaluates the impact of gas flaring on the air quality and environmental sustainability of Kirkuk City, utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with classification methods, and Gaussian Plume Dispersion Modeling (GPDM). Experts apply Pasquill-Gifford stability classes and dispersion parameters to model SO2, NO2, and PM pollutants. The GIS-based AHP method identifies priority contamination areas by evaluating various environmental and health factors. The classification systems enhance spatial analysis by pinpointing hazardous locations based on pollutant levels and their proximity to gas vent sites. Research findings indicate that pollution levels are highest near flaring sites, primarily due to atmospheric conditions that influence the dispersion of pollutants. The Gaussian Plume Model (GPM) shows that pollution levels decrease with distance from the source; however, densely populated areas can still experience unsafe levels. AHP results indicate that urban areas have the greatest impact, with a weight of 0.545, while vegetation has a significant effect on the environment, with a weight of 0.364. Barren land contributes the least to environmental risk, with a multiplier of only 0.091. This study develops a comprehensive framework that combines GIS decision-making techniques with dispersion models to assist policymakers in addressing environmental issues caused by gas flaring. It demonstrates that maintaining environmental regulations and proper planning are crucial for reducing air pollution threats in Kirkuk City and beyond.