Architectural Models for Integration of Mining Installations into Existing IoT‑Controlled HVAC Systems

This paper examines an architectural model for integrating mining installations into existing building HVAC systems and urban district heating networks using IoT control. The relevance of the study is justified by the rapid growth in the share of low‑grade heat from server farms and mining centers in the overall energy consumption balance. The objectives are to develop a comprehensive five‑level architecture for connecting computational modules to low‑temperature loops; to perform a comparative analysis of three basic schemes (by‑pass, series‑loop, and hybrid‑grid) in terms of PUE and heat utilization factor; and to formulate IoT algorithms for dynamic balancing between computational load and the needs of heat receivers. The novelty of the paper lies in unifying technical, economic, regulatory, and cybernetic aspects into a single model: for the first time, a five‑layer integration structure is proposed—from retrofit of heat‑exchange loops to an edge + cloud platform and interfaces with BMS/SCADA; the advantages of immersion cooling for direct connection to heating systems at temperatures up to 60 °C are demonstrated; predictive algorithms based on LightGBM for forecasting thermal load and dynamically controlling the hash rate are described; and recommendations are given for minimizing financial, technological, and informational risks at all levels of the architecture. The main findings show that, for mining power up to 30 % of the building’s heat demand, the optimal scheme is the by‑pass with minimal intervention in existing engineering networks; when heat power is comparable to the object’s load, it is more advantageous to apply the series‑loop with immersion cooling, yielding up to 98 % savings on mechanical chillers. For district networks, the hybrid‑grid topology with buffer accumulators and complex flow distribution is preferable. OPC UA and MQTT are brought together for assured telemetry. Digital twins and demand-response programs bring energy efficiency and equipment reliability. Multi-level OT security, combined with support for financial hedging instruments, ensures assured resilience against both cyberattacks and crypto-market volatility. Such a paper would be of interest to engineers designing building heating, cooling, and ventilation systems; data center energy efficiency specialists; as well as IoT solution developers for thermal process management.