Postoperative anal sphincter insufficiency: pathogenesis, risk factors and current diagnostic methods

The article provides an analysis of current data on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of postoperative anal sphincter insufficiency (PASI). The primary objectives of the study were to analyze the anatomical and physiological mechanisms contributing to the development of PASI, to review the current diagnostic methods, and to identify risk factors. The research methodology was based on a systematic literature review, incorporating data from PubMed, Web of Science, CyberLeninka, and Cochrane Library, covering the period from 2018 to 2023. The findings highlight the critical role of muscular and neural structure damage to the anal sphincter in the pathogenesis of PASI. Furthermore, the findings underscore the diagnostic value of anorectal manometry, endoanal ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging in ensuring accurate assessment. It has been established that a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment, incorporating minimally invasive technologies and interdisciplinary strategies, contributes to improved functional outcomes and enhanced quality of life for patients. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of further research aimed at minimizing surgical trauma and optimizing rehabilitation protocols for effective condition management.