Ruffa-Toni’s formula evaluates Fredholm integral equations with separable kernels, suggesting applications through MATLAB algorithms.
In this article, we apply Ruffa-Toni’s definite integral formula to evaluate the approximate solutions of single and double Fredholm integral equations consisting of separable kernels. We introduce the graphical representations of our results through their MATLAB algorithms to make them applicable in computation of the scientific problems.
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Kumar et al. (2025) studied this question.
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