Comparison of Key Anthropometric, Biomechanical, Physiological, and Psychological Factors in Male and Female Elite Shooting Athletes

Background: The optimal execution of sports skills results from the complex interaction of anthropometric, biomechanical, physiological, and psychological factors. It is crucial to understand the key indicators of each of these factors in male and female elite shooting players to identify, discover, and support talents, as well as design appropriate training programs. This can lead to better performance, success, and decreased injuries. Objectives: The present study compares key anthropometric, biomechanical, physiological, and psychological factors in male and female elite shooting players. Methods: Iranian national shooting team members, n = 32 (16 female shooters and 16 male shooters), were recruited to participate in this study. They underwent an examination to assess and compare their main anthropometric (weight, height, limb length, limb height, limb widths, limb circumferences, body composition, and subcutaneous fat percentage), biomechanical (static balance, speed, acceleration, agility, leg power, abdominal muscle strength and endurance, reaction time, and flexibility), physiological (heart rate, cardiorespiratory fitness), and psychological indicators (basic psychological skills, psychomotor skills, and cognitive skills). The principal component analysis (PCA) statistical method was used to determine the principal components of the evaluated indicators, followed by the independent t-test statistical method to compare the two groups of males and females (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Significant differences were found between male and female shooters, including anthropometric measurements (such as waist circumference, knee circumference, forearm length, head circumference, arm length, hand length, arm circumference in contraction, arm circumference at rest, and height), biomechanical attributes (like agility, speed, abdominal muscle endurance, and finger reaction time), physiological indicators (including maximum heart rate and maximum oxygen consumption), and psychological factors (basic skills) (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: According to the research findings, it is crucial to segregate talent search and development programs for shooting sports into separate groups for men and women. Coaches should monitor athletes during the off-season because there are differences between genders in anthropometric measurements, biomechanical traits, physiological parameters, and basic psychological skills. Furthermore, when designing an annual training schedule, it is essential to consider gender differences and tailor workouts to the distinct strengths, abilities, and characteristics of each gender to improve performance in competition.