Including conference abstracts rarely changed systematic review conclusions: A Case Study from a Living Network Meta-Analysis of COVID-19 Treatments

Including Conference Abstracts (CAs) in systematic reviews (SRs) helps reduce publication bias but raises concerns about reporting quality and reliability. While discrepancies with full publications are known, excluding CAs may overlook relevant early evidence. To evaluate the reporting quality of CAs, their consistency with full-text publications, and the impact of including them on effect estimates and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) framework in a Living Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (SRNMA) of COVID-19 drug treatments. We conducted a retrospective methodological study of all CAs included in the COVID-19 SRNMA until May 19, 2024. We assessed trial characteristics, reporting quality using CONSORT-A, and consistency with full-text publications. We also compared meta-analyses with and without CAs at predefined time points for mortality and hospital length of stay, evaluating changes in effect and GRADE domains. We included 105 CAs; 53% (56/105) were linked to a full publication. Only 7% met high reporting standards. Average consistency with full-text publications across key methodological items was 67.6%, often due to missing details in both sources. CAs enabled meta-analyses that would not have been possible at 14% of time points. Their inclusion did not affect conclusions when using the null threshold but changed the effect estimate in 55.6% and imprecision ratings in 16% of cases when using minimally important differences. In a few instances, CAs also influenced risk of bias and inconsistency assessments. CAs can fill evidence gaps when data are limited or emerging. Although they rarely change conclusions based on the null threshold, their inclusion has greater impact when using MID. Reviewers should assess their inclusion case by case and promote better reporting practices to enhance their contribution to SRs.