The Implementation and Contradictions of the British Colonial Indirect Rule in Tanganyika: A Case of Usafwa Chiefdom

This paper explores the contradictions in the implementation of the British colonial indirect rule in Tanganyika with a case of the Usafwa Chiefdom of Mbeya. It specifically traces the causes of contradictions of indirect rule as part of ambiguities and complexities which posed problems in its implementation in Tanganyika and the Usafwa Chiefdom in particular. Primary sources of archival materials complimented with secondary sources including books, research papers, journals, and online internet materials to collect data related to this topic. After that comprehensive sources’ survey, results of various studies were correlated in a systematic manner for further analyses to reveal the findings and draw conclusions. It analyzes how indirect rule was implemented in contradictory ways in relations to traditional institutions, the Mandate League of Nations, traditions, the European civilization mission, the “European question” or “thin white line” creation of tribes, customary laws, the operation of colonial economy, characteristics of the chiefs, colonial officers, land tenure and the process of urbanization. The paper by showing contradictions of indirect rule in British colonial rule intends to contribute to draw attention to scholars for further study or discussion on other wide range of factors which in contradictory ways influenced the implementation of indirect rule in Tanganyika or elsewhere. Indirect rule shaped British colonialism in many ways and has influences in the post-colonial states on some of specific issues like local governments, ethnicity and development.