Theories and measures of adjustment to aging: Scoping review

Aging involves distinct changes, challenges, and opportunities that require effective adjustment. This study aimed to review theoretical frameworks and measurement scales related to adjustment to aging in older adults. A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's protocol. Comprehensive searches were performed in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases using keywords such as 'aged,' 'aging,' 'adjustment,' 'measures,' and 'theories.' Studies published from 1921 to May 2024, available in full text in English, focusing on populations aged 60 and above, and addressing the process or measurement of adjustment to aging were included. A total of 4387 articles were identified, of which 12 met the inclusion criteria. The most frequently cited theories explaining adjustment to aging were Activity Theory, Disengagement Theory, and Identity Process Theory. The Life Satisfaction Scale was the most commonly used tool to measure adjustment, alongside other instruments such as the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Moral Scale, Chicago Activity Inventory, Adjustment to Aging Scale (AtAS), and Psychological Well-Being Scale. Adjustment to aging is a complex, multifaceted construct. Employing multiple theories and measurement tools is recommended for comprehensive understanding. These findings may also support the design of educational strategies to facilitate better adjustment in later life.