Nonbone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer: Characteristics, Tumor Microenvironment, Diagnosis and Treatment

The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer (PCa) are increasing worldwide, affecting the health of millions of men. Metastatic PCa (mPCa) represents a critical challenge in terms of clinical treatment because of its aggressive invasiveness and metastatic potential, making it a main cause of death in this population. Although bone metastasis is more common in PCa patients, nonbone metastases, such as liver, lung, and brain metastases, are typically associated with a poorer prognosis. However, the mechanisms underlying nonbone metastasis in PCa are still not fully understood. This review summarizes the characteristics of tumor cells, the tumor microenvironment, research models, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for nonbone metastasis in PCa, with a particular focus on liver metastasis, and proposes feasible directions for future research.