The Burden of Digital Diseases in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review of Prevalence, Impacts, and Interventions

The rapid expansion of digital technology has transformed communication, education, and work in developing countries, but it has also introduced new health challenges referred to as “digital diseases.” This systematic review synthesizes evidence from studies published since 2010 to examine the prevalence, health impacts, and interventions related to digital diseases in these contexts. Findings indicate that internet addiction and social media–related mental health issues are the most frequently reported, with prevalence rates ranging between 10% and 35%. These conditions are strongly associated with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and reduced academic or workplace performance. Physical health outcomes such as digital eye strain and musculoskeletal problems are reported but remain underexplored. Interventions identified—such as digital literacy programs, awareness campaigns, and counseling services—are often limited in scope and lack robust longitudinal evaluation. The review highlights significant research gaps, including the absence of nationally representative data and culturally adapted, scalable interventions. Addressing these gaps requires multi-level strategies that integrate education, healthcare, and policy approaches to mitigate risks while preserving the benefits of digital engagement. By drawing attention to these challenges, the review underscores the urgent need for context-specific frameworks that balance innovation with the promotion of mental and physical well-being in developing countries.