Assessment reveals modern heat pump systems may cut emissions in older apartment complexes, suggesting a shift in heating technology.
In larger buildings—particularly older apartment complexes, hospitals, and government facilities—steam remains the dominant source of space heating and hot water. These systems were often installed in the early to mid-20th century and continue to operate today, offering a reliable though carbon-intensive heating solution. Upgrading these legacy systems with modern, electrified steam alternatives represents a major opportunity to cut emissions while maintaining the performance characteristics upon which building operators and residents depend. One way to do that is through modern heat pump systems.
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Addison K. Stark (2025) studied this question.
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