Ecological and economic systems: trends, current challenges and threats

The article considers the issues and researches ecological and economic systems and their components. The issue of regulating ecological and economic security at the regional level is considered, the current state of the environment of Ukraine, challenges and threats to ecological and economic security are analyzed, and the stages of formation of the risk management system are determined. There are local, regional and global ecological and economic systems. Local ecological and economic system – is a separate link of economic activity (enterprise), which is considered in conjunction with nearby objects of the environment. The regional ecological and economic system is characterized by a higher level and diversity of economic objects and a wider spatial sphere of the environment. The global ecological and economic system is a system in which the economy as a whole and the environment are considered on a global scale or within national borders. The main component that determines the direction and nature of the functioning of the ecological and economic system as a whole is its production unit. The peculiarity of environmental components of the ecological and economic system is that almost all its elements are constantly affected by economic activity. The concept of "ecological and economic system" makes it possible to implement a systematic approach in the study of the problem of interaction of production activities with the environment. An important task of the analysis of the ecological and economic system is to determine the relationships between the parameters of technological processes and changes in the environment. The functioning of the ecological and economic system is based on the principles of metabolism, energy and information between its structural units, which occurs in the process of social production. The efficiency of the ecological and economic system is determined by qualitative and quantitative indicators of resource use and the state of the environment.