Abstract This paper distinguishes itself from previous studies and contributes to the literature by estimating a green premium using a factor model framework. Specifically, we propose a two-factor model, where bond returns are explained not only by a systemic market risk factor but also by a systemic green risk factor. Using the Fama and MacBeth regression approach on a sample of Euro-denominated green and conventional bonds over the period 06.11.2014–30.06.2021, we estimate the green premium disentangling its two components: the sensitivity to systemic greenness (i.e. magnitude of risk) and the price of green risk. Three main results emerge from our research. First, we find that the price of green risk is significant and positive albeit small. Second, the sign of the green premium is substantially driven by the issuer macro sector rather than by the green label, being on average negative for Financial bonds and positive for Government and Non-Financial ones, whereby this difference can be explained by a more direct exposure to green systemic risk in the latter two cases. Third, looking at the dynamics of the green risk price we find it decreases to almost zero as the bond market reaches a new normal, but it becomes negative during Covid-19 pandemic, suggesting greenness is considered a benefit in periods of financial distress caused by negative economic shocks.
Bertelli et al. (2025) studied this question.