Temporal Changes in Sperm Function and Inflammasome Activity Following COVID-19: Evidence for Recovery

Background/Objectives: The impact of COVID-19 on male reproductive health remains unclear, with existing studies reporting conflicting results. This study aimed to evaluate longitudinal changes in sperm parameters, functional tests, and key markers related to the inflammasome complex in men diagnosed with COVID-19. Methods: In this experimental study, semen and blood samples were collected from 34 men at one- and three-months following COVID-19 diagnosis. Assessments included sperm parameters, chromatin damage, protamine deficiency, residual histones, and key inflammasome pathway markers (NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1) in sperm samples. Additionally, blood levels of LH, testosterone, interleukin-6, and TNF-ɑ were measured. Results: While semen volume, sperm count, concentration, total motility, and DNA damage showed no significant changes, notable improvements were observed in sperm vitality, rapid motility, chromatin integrity, protamine content, and residual histones at three months compared to one-month post-diagnosis. Serum levels of LH, testosterone, and interleukin-6 remained stable, whereas TNF-ɑ levels significantly decreased after three months. Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase in NLRP3 protein expression after three months, while ASC and caspase-1 levels showed no significant changes. Conclusions: These results suggest a gradual recovery in sperm function over time after COVID-19 infection, highlighting possible implications for male reproductive health. Further studies with larger populations are necessary to better understand the underlying mechanisms and long-term effects of COVID-19 on male fertility.