Fatty acids in filamentous pathogenic fungi: Multidimensional regulation and pathogenic mechanisms

Fatty acids (FAs) metabolism constitutes a central regulatory network in the life activities of filamentous pathogenic fungi. This review systematically outlines the multifaceted roles of FA metabolism in filamentous pathogenic fungi, encompassing growth, development, pathogenicity, and environmental adaptation. FAs serve not only as fundamental structural components of cellular membranes and central units in energy metabolism, but also function as signaling molecules that regulate fungal morphogenesis, virulence factor expression, and host interactions. This work critically analyzes the dynamic equilibrium between FA synthesis and β-oxidation pathways, highlighting the hub functions of mitochondria and peroxisomes in energy supply, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and virulence regulation. Furthermore, FAs coordinate lipid droplet dynamics, autophagic processes, and membrane transport through organellar systems (vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum) while mediating host immune evasion. Finally, how the integrated FA metabolic networks and epigenetic regulation collectively influence fungal pathogenicity was explored. This review provides theoretical insights for overcoming significant challenges in controlling pathogenic fungi targeting FA metabolism.