Advances in miRNA research: Unraveling the complexities of gene regulation

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial in diverse biological processes. In recent years, extensive research has significantly advanced our understanding of miRNA biogenesis, function, and its implications in various biological processes and diseases. In development, miRNAs precisely regulate gene expression to ensure proper organismal growth. miRNAs serve as essential modulators of cell proliferation and differentiation, thereby determining cell fate. Regarding the regulation of apoptosis, miRNAs play a significant role in controlling programmed cell death. Moreover, in metabolism, miRNAs are involved in modulating various pathways. This review examines the latest advancements in miRNA research, encompassing their biogenesis, functional roles, and involvement in various biological processes and diseases. A specific emphasis is placed on the roles of miRNAs in development, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolic regulation. Additionally, cutting-edge technologies were discussed for the potential therapeutic applications of miRNA-based strategies.