Порівняльна морфологія периферичного та центрального відділів нюхового аналізатора деяких груп ссавців та людини

This review article presents a comprehensive synthesis of morphological data on the peripheral and central divisions of the olfactory analyzer in mammals with varying degrees of olfactory system development, including humans. The analysis covers the structural features of the olfactory epithelium, vomeronasal organ (VNO), the main and accessory olfactory bulbs (MOB and AOB), and the lateral olfactory tract nucleus (NTOL). Special attention is given to the cellular composition of the olfactory epithelium, the layered cytoarchitecture of the olfactory bulbs, and the anatomical characteristics of NTOL. The study explores interspecies variations in the olfactory system, from macrosmatic animals with a highly developed sense of smell (e.g., canids, suids) to microsmatic species such as humans. Emphasis is placed on the comparative aspects of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, highlighting differences in the number and organization of glomeruli, mitral and granule cell populations, and the morphological distinctions within the inner and outer plexiform layers. The accessory olfactory system, particularly the VNO and AOB, is analyzed across various mammals to clarify its structural presence and functionality in humans, where its role remains debated. Data from classical histological studies are integrated with findings from modern neuroimaging and immunohistochemical analyses to demonstrate ontogenetic and phylogenetic trends in olfactory structures. Additionally, the anatomical integration of olfactory signals and their role in modulating behaviors such as reproduction, social interaction, and pheromonal communication are discussed. The review underscores the significance of the olfactory system not only in sensory perception but also in neuroanatomical specialization and adaptive evolution among mammals.