Rituximab retreatment guided by CD27+ B-cell count vs. clinical relapse in anti-MAG polyneuropathy: a cost-effective approach with lower cumulative doses

Introduction Rituximab (RTX) is a widely used treatment for anti-MAG polyneuropathy, though standardized maintenance strategies are lacking. We aimed to compare two RTX retreatment protocols: (1) a full course (375 mg/m 2 /week for 4 weeks) administered at clinical relapse, and (2) a single infusion (375 mg/m 2 ) at reappearance of peripheral CD27+ B cells—to evaluate their impact on disability progression over time. Patients and methods We retrospectively enrolled 29 patients with anti-MAG polyneuropathy, dividing them into two cohorts: (1) relapse ( n = 19), treated with a full course at clinical relapse, or (2) Kim's protocol ( n = 10), treated based on peripheral CD27+ B cell monitoring. Changes in INCAT, MRC sum score, and ISS from baseline to last follow-up were assessed. Results and discussion No significant changes in MRC scores were observed in either cohort. Both cohorts showed a significant reduction in INCAT scores at last follow-up, with a tendency toward greater improvement in Kim's protocol cohort. ISS scores were significantly lower in Kim's protocol cohort compared to the relapse cohort ( p < 0.01). Importantly, patients treated according to Kim's protocol received a cumulative RTX dose ~2.5 times lower than those treated upon relapse ( p < 0.0001), despite showing comparable or better clinical outcomes. Conclusion A tailored maintenance strategy guided by peripheral CD27+ memory B-cell monitoring enables reduced cumulative RTX exposure while preserving clinical efficacy. This approach may improve cost-effectiveness and reduce treatment burden in patients with anti-MAG polyneuropathy.