This review highlights lithium resources and innovative extraction methods, suggesting solutions for sorbent degradation.
The demand for lithium (Li) for batteries has risen sharply. This review discusses Li resources (igneous rocks, clays, brines), production methods, and Li recycling from spent batteries. We highlight direct lithium extraction (DLE) techniques, focusing on lithium manganese oxides (LMOs). As challenges like sorbent degradation continue to be problematic, doping, surface coating, and the use of composites are explored as strategies to enhance LMO performance for sustainable Li production.
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Wu et al. (2025) studied this question.
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