Multi-modal MRI and plasma biomarker factors distinguish neurovascular dysfunction, fluid stagnation and neurodegenerative pathology

Motivation: Neurovascular dysfunction and fluid stagnation are observed in aging and Alzheimer's disease pathology, but the mechanisms underlying these changes remain unclear. Goal(s): We aimed to use advanced MRI and plasma biomarkers to identify biologically meaningful latent factors that elucidate neurovascular and pathological processes of aging and Alzheimer's disease. Approach: We performed exploratory factor analysis on multi-modal biomarkers in healthy older adults and investigated factor associations with age and cognitive performance. Results: Analysis revealed factors distinguishing neurovascular dysfunction, fluid stagnation and Alzheimer's disease pathology. These factors did not correlate with cognition, suggesting relevance to aging or early pathology before cognitive symptoms arise. Impact: This multi-modal study uncovered distinct neurovascular and pathological constructs in aging, offering a framework for investigating early markers of neurodegenerative processes before cognitive symptoms arise. Our findings provide a foundation for future studies investigating complex mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease progression.