EEG-Based Neurophysiological Responses to Classroom Window Views in Green Campus Settings

This study examines the neurophysiological responses of students to different classroom window views - forest, park, and city - within energy-efficient, green campus environments. Ten architecture students participated in EEG recordings while experiencing six virtual reality-simulated classroom conditions featuring varied window orientations and external views. The classroom models were designed to meet green building standards, with energy and daylighting performance validated using OTTV calculations and simulations in EnergyPlus and Radiance via DesignBuilder. EEG data were recorded using a 14-channel Emotiv EPOC X headset and analysed across delta to gamma frequency bands through power spectral and topographic mapping. Results revealed that forest views consistently evoked the most restorative neural responses, indicated by increased alpha and theta activity and decreased beta and gamma power. City views triggered neural patterns associated with cognitive load and overstimulation, while park views supported balanced attentional engagement. These findings highlight the importance of integrating biophilic elements - particularly dense greenery - into classroom design to enhance students’ cognitive performance and psychological well-being in sustainable educational settings.